A 3 bit microprocessor can be designed using a 89C51 micro controller. This code for the program is written in the C language. The code is then loaded into the "Keil uVision 2" Software and a hex file is made through the software. The Hex File is then burned on to the micro controller using a micro controller burner. The circuit diagram is shown below and "Proteus" was used to simulate the software. The Hex file can be directly loaded into the Micro controller using the Proteus Software.

Working of the Project:

                Setting numbers as Input:

The project makes use of the basic programming techniques using the C language. First of all basic programs are made as functions like addition function, subtraction function, multiplication function and so on. Then the number is input through the Port 0 of the micro controller. The input is always a binary number.

                Selecting an Operation:

After the two inputs are set onto the switches then the operation switch is turned on. Operations are defined on the Port 1 of the micro controller. As it is a 3 bit microprocessor so the total number of operations would be 2³=8. So the whole Port 1 is for operations. The operations include the basic mathematical and logical operations. Selection of two operations at the same time will generate an error and the error bit (Port 2 Pin 7) will turn on indicating the error.

                Displaying an Output:

                The output is displayed in the output registers. As it is a 3 bit microprocessor so all the registers will be of 3 bits, so when the output of addition is increases than 7 or can’t be displayed in the three bits the overflow bit (Port 2 Pin 0) is turned on indicating the overflow.

                In case of multiplication, if the input goes higher than 3 bits then the second register is used to display the remaining bits of the solution. In this way the basic architecture of the computer is followed in the microprocessor.

                Flag Register:

                Flag register is again of three bits. It contains 3 flag indicators that are zero flag, overflow flag and the sign flag. The zero flag turns on to indicate a result equal to zero. The overflow flag turn to indicate the overflow of the 1^st output register. The sign flag indicates a negative result.

                Error Bit:

                Error bit is used to indicate an error either in the input port or the operations port. In case of two operations being turned on at the same time, the error bit turns on. Similarly when there is division by zero, the error bit indicates the error.

Note:

This project was implemented and is found fully working. The hex file and the C file are attached for the help. Furthermore the Proteus design is also attached along with the files.

The robot project works with two motors for driving the rear wheels while the front wheels are free.

It uses 4 infra red sensors for detecting the line that it has to follow. It can be either a black line on white background or a white line on black background.

AT89C2051 microcontroller is used in the project  for instructing the robot to move according to the sensors input. The motor driving circuit is made with L293D, which is an H-bridge IC. It can control the two motors simultaneously.

The code is written in C and is a fully functional code.

Care must be taken while choosing the motors. It should be a high torque motor so that it can take the weight of your robot. Otherwise the wheels would work fine while in the air but would not move once the robot is set down.

The sensor circuits as well as the control circuit is given below and the C code can be downloaded as a word file.

Control circuit:- 

These sensor circuits need to be attatched at the points labeled as sensors in the main figure.